The Penguin History of Europe

Table Of Contents

The Penguin History of Europe – J.M. Roberts List of Maps
List of Chronologies
Foreword
Book One: Heritages
1. Bedrock: Geography; The earliest Europeans; The Neolithic and agricultural revolutions; Migrants and immigrants; Mentalities; Early Aegean civilization

2. Ancient Greece: The importance of the classical past; The Greeks; The Greek diaspora; The city-state; Conflict in the Greek world; The Greek “achievement”; The beginnings of systematic enquiry; An attempt to summarize

3. The Making of the Roman World: Etruscan origins; Macedon and the Hellenistic age; Alexander the Great; The Hellenistic world; The rise of Roman power; The Punic Wars; Empire; Celtic Europe; Republican decay; Civil war; The Jews and the Roman empire; Jesus of Nazareth; St. Paul

4. Imperial Rome and World History: Establishing the empire; The imperial legacy; Law and order; Christianity and the empire; Imperial problems: the east; Imperial problems: Europe; Diocletian; Christian empire; Decline and fall in the west; Western Europe at the end of antiquity; The Merovingians
Book Two: Christendom
1. Re-definition: The age of Justinian; The burdens of empire; Changing religious destinies: monasticism; Bishops and popes; The western Church and the barbarians; Drifting apart; Doctrinal division; Byzantium and nearer Asia; Islam; The Arab conquests; An alternative civilization; Islam in Europe; Byzantium’s new challengers; Slavs and Bulgars; Religious dispute

2. The Re-shaping of the West: Western Christendom; The papacy and the Franks; Charlemagne; The Carolingian heritage; A new empire; Italy and Mediterranean Europe; The Viking north; Anglo-Saxon England; The western Church at work; Church and State: issues of reform

3. Medieval Societies: Emerging from antiquity; A new agriculture; The social order; The beginnings of sustainable growth; Towns and trade; Technology; The Black Death and after; Social change

4. Frontiers and Neighbours: The World’s Debate; Franks and Greeks; The Crusades; Eastern Europe and the Slavs; Kiev Rus; Christian Russia; Poland; Europe’s emerging shape; A psychological frontier

5. The Civilization of the Middle Ages: The identification of an idea; The Church; Innovation and heresy; The Great Schism; New patterns of power; Kings and nations; England and France; Spain; Germany and Italy; A new political structure

6. New Prospects in the East: The Venetian republic; 1204 and the crippling of Byzantium; The Ottomans; The end of Byzantium; Ottoman Europe; Russia; The mind of the west; Renaissance; Printing; Re-orientation; The weight of the past; Enterprise; A new world; New visions of the world
Book Three: Launching Modern History 1500-1800
1. A New Age: Modernity and modern history; Numbers and modernity; Feeding a larger population; A new commercial world; Oceanic commerce; Slaving; The foundations of an industrial economy; Europe in a wider world

2. Society and Belief: Social order; Women; The fragmentation of Christendom; Luther; The European Reformation; England: a special case; Wars of the Reformation; Counter-Reformation; Science: a new force; Enlightenment

3. The Political Organization of Western Europe: Building blocks; Structures and issues; Habsburg and Valois; The Italian wars; The era of Spanish decline; The new Netherlands; England; The travails of monarchy; The Thirty Years’ War; Political thinking and state power

4. The Ancien Regime: Contrasting monarchies: France and England; England; The France of Louis XIV; French ascendancy and the balance of power; The stabilization of western Europe; Change in eastern Europe; Poland’s troubles; The new great power in the east; Peter the Great; Monarchy and the state in the eighteenth century; Prussia and the Habsburgs; Russia and the eastern question; Polish partition; New international structures

5. The World’s New Shape: A new picture of the world; Africa; The Americas; The beginnings of European imperialism; The North American colonies; Europe encounters East Asia; Europe and China; Japan; Europeans in India; Trade, empire, diplomacy and war; Global economic change; Subjection and domination; Changing the world; Perception and feelings; The spread of Christianity; The beginnings of a European world
Book Four: The European Age
1. New Politics: An age of revolution; The first overseas European nation; The United States and European opinion; The French Revolution; Revolutionary appearance and reality; The Revolution abroad; Revolution and European overseas empire; Napoleonic Europe; The new map of Europe; Shared experience

2. The World’s New Rich: Europe’s numbers; A new abundance; Rural Europe; New European lands; Industrialism; Steam; Industrial societies; A world economic system; Cities

3. A New Sort of Civilization: New patterns of life; Industrialization and ideology; Socialism; Intellectual and cultural change; Science

4. A New European Order: Legitimacy and its challengers; Foundations of peace; The July Monarchy; The new Eastern Question; 1848; The Crimean War; Reshaping the map; Conservatism and modernization: Russia; Conservatism and modernization: the United Kingdom

5. World Hegemony: Europe’s new global role; The Great Resettlement; The civilized world; The direct impact; New European nations overseas; Empire-building; India: the growth of responsibility; India: the Mutiny and after; France overseas; The “imperialist wave” and international relations; The Scramble for Africa; Imperial Europe and the Far East; China: the barbarian onslaught; China: concessions and decline; Japan: qualified hegemony

6. International Order and Disorder: New patterns of power; Nationalism; The management of danger; Socialism; Changing opinions; Rome and modernity; Bismarck’s Europe; International relations in the 1890s
Book Five: Europe’s Twentieth Century: The Era of European Civil War
1. Pressures and Strains: European identity in a changing world; Privilege and democracy; Women in politics and society; The politics of mass society; Social fear; The spectre of socialism; Religion in European public life; Changing mentalities; Cracks in the European world hegemony; New competitors: Young Turks; New competitors: the Far East; Troubled empires

2. The Breakdown of International Order: Attitudes and expectations; Alliances and entanglements; The beginnings of international change; The re-emergence of Balkan questions; Russian recovery and Russian power; The end of peace; The crisis and after

3. European Revolution: The Great War; Revolutionizing the war; Revolution and strategy; The Ottoman collapse; The end of the first German war; The peace settlements; The League of Nations and Europe; Revolution and the new Russia; Locarno

4. Crumbling Foundations: Attitudes and ideas; The last age of formal empire; British India; A new Asia in the making; European empire in the Middle East; Europeanizing Islamic societies; Economic disaster: the world slump

5. The Last Years of European Illusion: New politics; A new authoritarianism; The re-emergence of the German question; Ideology in international relations; Hitler’s revolution; The path to war; The second German war; The Second World War; The meaning of victory; Europe in 1945

Book Six: Europe in the Cold War and After
1. Europe in the Aftermath of War: The dwarfing of Europe; The new balance of power; The post-war USSR; The United States and post-war Europe; Cold War origins; The Marshall Plan; The liquidation of empire; The post-war Middle East; Israel and the Cold War; Europe divided: the first crisis; The beginnings of European political integration

2. Europe and Global Cold War: A new East Asia; The Middle East and North Africa; Europe and sub-Saharan Africa; European recovery; Political reorganization; New structures in western Europe; East European rumblings; The tensions of 1960-62; Change in the USSR; Complications; De Gaulle and Gaullisme; Germany: Ostpolitik

3. The End of the European Post-war Order: A search for stability: the 1970s; The oil crisis and western Europe; The United Kingdom; Communist Europe; Détent and the Soviet Union; The United Kingdom in the 1980s; Polish revolution; Contagion and emulation; A new Germany; Revolution in the Soviet Union; The dissolutoin of eastern Europe

4. A New Order inthe Making?: The break-up of Yugoslavia; The end of the USSR; European integration; The Islamic bogy; The new Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States; European disorder

Postscript: Facing the Twenty-first Century
Index